How to Call a Python Script from PHP

Integrating Python scripts with PHP can be a powerful way to leverage Python's data processing, machine learning, or automation capabilities within a web application. Whether you're building a dynamic website or automating backend tasks, calling Python from PHP is straightforward with the right approach.

Method 1: Using the `shell_exec()` Function

The simplest way to execute a Python script from PHP is by using the shell_exec() function. This method runs the Python script as a shell command and captures the output.

Step-by-Step Implementation

Create a Python script: Save your Python code in a file, e.g., script.py.
Call the script from PHP: Use shell_exec() to execute the script.


  // PHP code to execute Python script
  $output = shell_exec('python3 /path/to/script.py arg1 arg2');
  echo "Output: " . $output;

Note: Ensure the PHP server has permission to execute Python scripts.

Method 2: Using the `exec()` Function

Similar to shell_exec(), the exec() function allows running Python scripts but provides more control over the output and return status.


  // PHP code using exec()
  exec('python3 /path/to/script.py', $output, $return_var);
  echo "Output: " . implode("\n", $output);
  echo "Return status: " . $return_var;

When to Use `exec()` Over `shell_exec()`

When you need the exit status of the Python script.
When you want to capture output line by line.

Method 3: Using a Web API (Flask/FastAPI)

For more complex interactions, consider exposing your Python script as a REST API using frameworks like Flask or FastAPI. PHP can then call the API using file_get_contents() or cURL.

Example with Flask


  # Python (Flask API)
  from flask import Flask, jsonify
  app = Flask(__name__)
  
  @app.route('/process')
  def process():
      return jsonify({"result": "Success"})
  
  if __name__ == '__main__':
      app.run()


  // PHP (Calling the API)
  $response = file_get_contents('http://localhost:5000/process');
  $data = json_decode($response, true);
  echo $data['result']; // Output: Success

Security Considerations

Always sanitise inputs when passing arguments to Python scripts.
Avoid using shell commands if user-supplied data is involved.
Prefer API-based communication for better security and scalability.

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